Leukemia

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the body’s blood-forming tissues, including the lymphatic system and bone marrow. It often affects white blood cells. These cells normally fight infections, growing and dividing as needed. However, in patients with this condition, the bone marrow makes too many abnormal white blood cells that don’t work properly.

Unlike many cancers, leukemia typically doesn’t create a visible mass or tumor on imaging tests like CT scans or X-rays.

Leukemia comes in various types, and they can be broadly classified based on how quickly they progress. 

Causes of Leukemia

Nobody knows exactly what causes this condition, but it appears to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. 

How does Leukemia develop?

Leukemia develops when specific blood cells’ genetic material, or DNA, changes. DNA serves as an instruction for cells, regulating their growth and lifestyle. However, in leukemia, DNA abnormalities cause the blood cells to keep growing and dividing uncontrollably.

As a result, there’s an imbalance in blood cell production. These abnormal cells can gradually outnumber the healthy ones in the bone marrow. Thus, leading to fewer healthy red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This imbalance causes the symptoms of leukemia to appear.

Symptoms of Leukemia

The symptoms can vary depending on the type and stage of the disease. These include:

·      Frequent infection

·      Fatigue

·      Easy bruising or bleeding

·      Bone and joint pain

·      Shortness of breath

·      Fever

·      Unexplained weight loss

·      Pale skin

·      Swollen lymph nodes in your underarm, neck, stomach, or groin.

What are the First Signs of Leukemia?

The initial symptoms of this condition will differ depending on the type of leukemia you have. Some types may not produce symptoms at first. Initial symptoms include:

·      Difficulty fighting infections

·      Bruising and bleeding

·      Swollen lymph nodes

·      General discomfort

How does Leukemia Affect the Body?

Leukemia affects the body in multiple ways. The abnormal growth of white blood cells compromises the immune system’s ability to fight infections. This can make individuals more susceptible to illnesses. 

Moreover, the infiltration of cancer cells into organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes can cause enlargement and dysfunction of these organs. The cancer cells can affect the heart and heart’s muscles causing coronary artery disease or CAD.

Additionally, the reduced production of red blood cells leads to anemia, while decreased platelet production results in an increased risk of bleeding and bruising.

Classification and Types of Leukemia

Leukemia is classified according based on how quickly it is and the type of blood cell involved.The two main types of classification are:

1.  Acute leukemia: This type progresses quickly. The abnormal cells are not fully developed.

2.  Chronic leukemia: This type progresses slowly. The abnormal cells are more mature and partially developed.

The two main types of cells involved are:

1.  Lymphoid cells: These cells are a part of the immune system. They help fight infections.

2.  Myeloid cells: These cells are involved in the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets.

Based on these classifications, there are four main types of leukemia:

1.  Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL): This type is more common in children, teens, and young adults.

2.  Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): This type is more common in older adults over 65 years old.

3.  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML): This type can occur in both children and adults.

4.  Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): This type is more common in adults over 65 years old.

Treatment of Leukemia

Treatment depends on several factors, including the type, stage, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment modalities include:

·      Chemotherapy

·      Immunotherapy

·      Targeted therapy

·      Stem cell transplantation

·      Radiation therapy

The goal of treatment is to eliminate cancer cells, restore normal blood cell production, and achieve remission. In some cases, maintenance therapy may be required to prevent relapse and prolong survival.

Leukemia is a complex and challenging disease that requires comprehensive evaluation and management. Understanding what causes it, recognizing its symptoms, and knowing the available treatments are crucial for giving the best care to those with the disease.